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SISTEMA DE SEGURANÇA PÚBLICA
Poucas pessoas conhecem, de fato, como funciona o sistema de segurança pública no Brasil. A Justiça não tem polícia, todas as instituições policiais estão diretamente subordinadas ao Poder Executivo, notadamente aos Governadores e ao Ministro da Justiça no âmbito federal. É o tema desta semana.
POLÍCIA MILITAR
É a instituição policial mais presente nos municípios brasileiros. Ostensiva e fardada, tem por missão prevenir crimes e proteger a ordem pública. Cada estado da federação possui a sua PM, vinculada ao governador, ao secretário de segurança pública e ao comandante-geral nomeado pelo chefe do executivo.
POLÍCIA CIVIL
Presente em todos os estados, investiga os crimes e atua de forma velada na maioria das vezes, mas também possui grupamentos táticos especializados, como o TIGRE (anti-sequestro) e o COPE (operações especiais). É dirigida por delegados de polícia, bacharéis em direito, e igualmente submete-se às diretrizes da Secretaria de Segurança Pública. É também conhecida como polícia judiciária porque elabora os inquéritos policiais e demais procedimentos investigativos escritos que são submetidos ao Poder Judiciário.
POLÍCIA FEDERAL
Vinculada à União, é a polícia marítima, aeroportuária e de fronteiras. Exerce, com exclusividade, as funções de polícia judiciária no âmbito federal, mas também trabalha com a Justiça dos Estados em crimes como o tráfico de drogas, roubos a bancos e delitos que exijam repressão uniforme ou que tenham repercussão interestadual.
POLÍCIAS RODOVIÁRIAS
A PRF cuida das rodovias federais e está subordinada ao Ministério da Justiça. A Polícia Rodoviária Estadual é um braço da Polícia Militar, assim como o é a Polícia Ambiental, a RONE e a ROTAM, por exemplo. Além de fiscalizarem as rodovias, atuam na prevenção de crimes.
FORÇA NACIONAL DE SEGURANÇA PÚBLICA
É composta de policiais militares, civis, peritos e bombeiros de todos os estados da federação, e atua coadjuvando os estados, sempre a pedido dos governadores. Está vinculada à Secretaria Nacional de Segurança Pública – SENASP.
GUARDAS MUNICIPAIS
Não têm poder de polícia, mas podem auxiliar as demais forças policiais e efetuar prisões em flagrante, como, aliás, qualquer cidadão pode fazê-lo. Têm por missão cuidar do patrimônio municipal, mas na prática acabam realizando rondas ostensivas, podendo inclusive, em alguns casos, terem armas de fogo.